Introduction: Urban green space is one of the land uses whose distribution and dispersion throughout cities is of paramount importance and constitutes an inextricable part of city structure. Thus, city green space is a sort of urban land use covering manmade vegetation and boasting both social and ecological output. City parks should be geographically distributed in ways that are easily accessible. Moreover, along with the rapid growth of urbanization and constructions in recent decades, the appearance of the city of Mashhad, the second metropolis in Iran, has changed in such way that a dire dearth is noticeable in terms of the land use of city parks.

The effects of uncontrolled fires on natural ecosystems and the factors affecting their occurrence are widely studied worldwide. Fire occurrence modeling is important to prioritize the fire risk in a given area and identify practices to prevent it from happening. The purpose of the present study was to simulate the prediction of fire and identify the most important factors in fire occurrence using Bayesian Belief Network in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. Data from 205 fire sites and 205 sites with ‘ no-fire’ experience were recorded. Climatic factors (e. g. annual precipitation and annual mean temperature), topography (elevation, slope, direction), land cover, and human factors (e. g. distance from the residential area, distance from agricultural land and distance from the road) of the sites were selected and embedded into the BBN model. The results indicated that the ability of the BBN model to predict the occurrence of fire was excellent (AUC= 0. 923). Since there are many fire events in this province, the results of this study can be used as a fundamental and powerful tool for decision-makers to reduce the incidence of fire and its hazard.

Introduction: In this study we investigated morphological structure of Cyprinidae fish, kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum Kamenskii, 1901) in Caspian Sea using truss Network system.Methods: Samples were collected from two beach seine and gill net fisheries cooperation's located in two main fishing areas of this species in the western (Bandare-Astara) and the eastern (Bandare-Kiyashahr) shore of Guilan province. Truss distance as well as eye diameter, interorbital, total length, fork length width of 23 samples were measured in ichthyological research laboratory. Findings: Our results by using Statistical analysis (One-way ANOVA) for morphological characteristics revealed that 14 morphological traits showed significant differences that showed relatively high phenotypic diversity among samples in the two kutum populations. Morphological characters including: total length, standard length, eye diameter and landmark distances including: dorsal first spine and pectoral fin, snout and pelvic fin, the upper branch of caudal fin and the lower branch of caudal fin, the first upper branch of caudal fin and the last soft branch of pelvic fin, the last soft branch of dorsal fin and the first spin of pelvic fin, the last soft branch of dorsal fin and the upper branch of caudal fin, the first lower branch of caudal fin and the last soft branch of pelvic fin, the posterior part of pelvic fin and the last soft branch of dorsal fin, the first upper branch of caudal fin and the first spin of pelvic fin, snout and basement membrane gill and the first spin of dorsal fin and basement membrane gill. In principle, any measured distances between landmarks may serve as characters for morphometric analyses. We described methodologically a geometric protocol for cyprinid fish species morphological character measurements, the truss Network system, which enforces systematic coverage of the form and exhaustively and redundantly archives the landmark configuration.